A.-F. Christidis (ed.): «Ἱστορία τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς Γλώσσας, ἀπό τις ἀρχές ἔως την ὕστερη ἀρχαιότητα». Pp. 1213. Thessaloniki: Centre for the Greek Language, Institute for Modern Greek Studies (Manoles Triantaphyllides Foundation), 2001. Cased. ISBN: 960-231-094-4.

GONDA A. H. VAN STEEN, The University of Arizona. Tucson

This is an impressive collection of essays on the history of the Greek language 'from its beginnings through late antiquity', which stands out in its freshness of approach and clarity of presentation. Under the auspices of the Centre for the Greek Language, a team of seventy-five specialists, both Greeks and foreigners, has contributed here a total of 123 articles, which have been organized well in a structure that is both logical and cohesive. The editor himself wrote all of the introductions to the various sections and subsections, which only adds to the volume's usefulness and consistency. This truly interdisciplinary volume will be of interest not only to linguists and classical philologists, but also to historians, comparatists, anthro-pologists, and translators of any register of the Greek language. Especially laudable is the contributors' joint effort not to put Ancient Greek on a linguistic pedestal but, instead, to present multiple, varying histories of the Greek language, its developments, and its dialects.

This volume comprises nine units, each followed by an extensive bibliography. Unit 1 treats the phenomenon of language from a general perspective. The second unit focuses on Greek and shows how the evolution of Greek history and the Greek language have been interwoven from the early Indo-European roots through the Roman Imperial period. This unit includes sections on script, pre-Hellenic languages. Linear B,.the introduction of the alphabet, and on historical changes that affected Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic Greek. Greek dialects are treated in the third unit. Unit 4 concentrates on the structure and evolution of Ancient Greek; it presents the characteristics and problems of Greek, phoao'ogy/pronunciation, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary, and also outlines changes within these four categories from Ancient Greek to Koine Greek (in its multiple versions). The very interesting fifth unit introduces areas of contact between Greek and other languages, and includes languages as diverse as Semitic, Thracian, lllyrian, Phrygian, Carian, Lycian, Lydian, Iranian, Etruscan, Latin, Coptic, Syrian, Celtic, Indian, and Arabic languages. Translation practices in antiquity are the subject of the sixth unit, which is, again, characterized by the intercultural perspective of its contributors.

Under the main heading of 'Language and Civilization', Unit 7 first focuses on literary uses of the Greek language and its dialects, whether in epic poetry, ancient tragedy, or comedy. It then goes on to present the specialized vocabularies of different professional areas and spheres of knowledge, such as the terminology of democratic practice, religion and Christianity in particular, philosophy and medicine, as well as legal terminology. A third subsection concentrates on cultural meanings and their transformation; it deftly illustrates diverse mechanisms of change, as for the concepts of 'Hellenism' and 'psyche'. A short eighth unit approaches Ancient Greek from the perspective of the ancient Greeks themselves. It presents ancient Greek language edu-cation, the practices of the ancient grammarians, and the phenomenon of Atticism. This section could usefully be expanded with, for instance, treatments of Greek parody, paratragedy, and quotation and allusion in general, or with a broader presentation of the movement of the Second Sophistic. In the ninth and last unit, the 'fate' of Ancient Greek has been outlined, again all too briefly. The essays here introduce the reader to the evolution of the Greek language in medieval and modern times, as it underwent the influences of Humanism, and the European and subse-quently the Greek Enlightenment. This necessarily short overview could be developed into an entire second volume.

Of special importance are the rich additions in appendix to this volume. Here the reader will find very informative and well-documented essays on accentuation and punctuation; on the Greek language of proverbs, aphorisms, riddles, jokes, puns, and even of binding-spells, curse-tablets, and magical papyri; on Greek letter-wnting, prophecies, vulgarities and obscenities, 'barbarian' speech, children's language, non-verbal communication, and ancient Greek music. A last appendix treats analogy and phonetic change in Ancient Greek and provides examples of syntactical and semantic changes. This part should have been integrated in the volume's core, where some of the same issues have been raised.

This rich volume provides various practical tools and aids in addition to its many diagrams, colored maps, and pictures of artifacts: (i) a catalogue of ancient Greek sources and references to their most important editions; (ii) a glossary; (iii) a presentation of the symbols of the International Phonological Alphabet (IPA), followed by diagrams that illustrate the evolution of the Greek phonetic system; and (iv) detailed indices.

This highly accessible collection of essays deserves to become a standard reference for any student and teacher of the Greek language. However, it would serve the reader better if it came in a more user-friendly format and if it were translated into other languages. Currently, all contributions are in Greek, even those submitted by foreigners, whose work has been translated into Greek. It is my hope to see this volume appear in English and in other modern languages. Hopefully, too, it will be followed by a (more compact but equally well readable) volume that will cover the next one-and-a-half to two millennia of the history of the Greek language and that will include, in particular, thorough studies of the formal aspects of Kathareuousa Greek, which are still lacking. But before that comes about, the Greek-speaking reader will enjoy this rich, beautifully illustrated, and well-structured first volume on the oldest history of the Greek language.